CHRISTIAN THE LION, A SONG, BORN FREE FOUNDATION, DEREK CATTANI, AUSTRALIA, REFERENDUM,WORKING FOR ANIMALS, ANIMALS AUSTRALIA, SONY
August 12, 2023
HAPPY BIRTHDAY CHRISTIAN!
SONG: What better way to celebrate a birthday than with a song! I have a treat for you. Earlier in the year I received this email: “Hello Ace, I wanted to share with you that years ago, after learning and falling in love with the story of Christian the lion, I was so inspired that I wrote a song. Years later, I’ve only just now recorded the song for YouTube. I thought you might like to hear it. I hope you like it and realise what a huge impact the beautiful story had on so many people. Christian’s memory lives on. Kindest regards, Gemma Shepherd”. Listen here.
Naturally I just adored the song….and cried. I loved that it was from Christian’s point of view. People often comment “you must miss Christian so much”, or “how could you let him go?” – but never consider Christian’s perspective. My thanks to Gemma and her brother Sam. I enjoy their other material as well. Bryan Seymour helped to produce the song and spent many hours editing the video. My thanks to Derek Cattani for his photographs and the Born Free Foundation for permission to use the vision from our original documentary.
WORLD: I am going to try and not go on too much about the state of the world: terrible leaders terrorising their own populations or their neighbours, or waiting in the shadows like Trump; millions of refugees; and extreme weather disasters – floods, storms, hottest days ever, fires etc.
AUSTRALIA: I like our new Australian government who are intelligent and trying to make up for the 10 years of policy-free conservative inaction – for example on climate change, energy policies etc., and are reconnecting us internationally. The government is still, however, compromising on fossil fuels and our gas and coal exports, which keep our economy afloat of course, while we supposedly “transition” to renewable energy. Habitat destruction continues seemingly unabated.
The government is trying to establish through a referendum an Aboriginal “voice” to parliament to advise – only advise – on issues that concern them. It is proving to be depressingly divisive. Both sides of politics have continually failed Aboriginal people and despite the billions of dollars spent, many live in abject poverty with minimal opportunities. Most statistics about their lives remain appalling, so isn’t asking them for their advice about themselves just commonsense?
FILM: Earlier in the year I received an email from a very nice woman whose adored dog had died prematurely. She was inconsolable until her nephew suggested she look at the documentaries of Christian. These had a healing effect on her and we corresponded. It was close to my own heart as I had just lost my cat. I have tried to be stoic and not too dramatic about it as my cat was 18 years old and had had a very good life. She outlived her equally divine and gorgeous brother by quite a few years, and she accompanied me back to the city where we both settled into apartment living.
Another email was from a woman in Ukraine saying how much she enjoyed seeing Christian’s videos. I wondered if Christian’s story had provided some respite or distraction from life in a war zone, although this person chose not to refer to the conflict. The devastation and future of Ukraine is on most of our minds. Incidentally, Animals Australia has been very active in Ukraine with Emergency Grants Programs, assisting Warriors of Wildlife to successfully rescue and relocate some lions from zoos, rescue animals from the flood when the Kakhovka Dam was destroyed, and helping to rebuild the Sirius Shelter, the largest animal shelter in Ukraine. Our thanks to them and to the many organisations and people that do such amazing work on behalf of animals globally.
I thought this birthday I would write about why I think SONY who owns the rights to Christian’s story SHOULD make the film. Unfortunately they don’t seem to have any intention to do so. A sympathetic director and cast could possibly capture and define why Christian’s story strikes such a chord with so many people. It is a phenomenon I don’t fully understand myself.
I do not see many films and usually prefer documentaries. As a director I would ruin a film by being too didactic and polemical, at the expense of the “entertainment”. Perhaps a suitable director could find a balance. The only film in a cinema I have seen since COVID was Tar with the incomparable Cate Blanchett. I adored it and thought it was a clever mixture of “entertainment” which also dealt very effectively with serious issues. Cate has a new film out, The New Boy directed by Warwick Thornton about the clash of Aboriginal spirituality and Christianity.
Personally, I have no need for the attention a film could generate. I have never let this story define my life. I think we have already been blessed many times over by the way Christian’s life unfolded, and the worldwide interest it has generated – at first in the early 1970s with our book A Lion Called Christian and documentaries, and then when the clip of our reunion with Christian in Kenya became an internet phenomenon in 2008/2009 – an antidote for the gloom of the Global Financial Crisis. Our original book and the revision in 2010 has been translated into over 20 languages.
As a film…..the story is a good one with a happy if open-ended ending! I know many of you know the story but I am describing the elements I feel are important so many years later! It offers the chance to discuss many issues still relevant today. From humble beginnings – a small zoo in Devon where Christian’s parents lived in a cage, Christian was hand reared by staff and he and his sister sent to the famous Harrods Department Store in 1969. All the issues about conditions in zoos, the roles of zoos, the trade in wild animals etc could be touched on and are as unresolved today.
Should we have been allowed to buy a lion cub? Obviously I now think no. In America, there are more tigers in private hands than there are left in the wild. Recently, President Biden enacted the Big Cat Public Safety Act supposedly ending the trade in pet big cats, and their exploitation.
The film would have famous film stars! Christian met actor Bill Travers when he serendipitously came into the shop Sophistocat. He and his wife Virginia McKenna had become huge global stars because of Born Free, the film based on the rehabilitation of Elsa the lioness by Joy and George Adamson. The Adamsons themselves were two very colourful characters in their own right and among the world’s first conservationists to observe and comment on worrying changes in the environment.
This is a hint to a future film maker – Born Free the film and book were huge worldwide successes and actually changed the perception of millions of people towards animals – that they were sentient beings.
Born Free changed the lives of Bill and Virginia who became well known animal activists, and of course were appalled that Christian was for sale in Harrods and that we were allowed to buy him.
Some people think we were motivated to “save” Christian from a life of captivity. In fact John Rendall and I were young, naive and had just travelled from Australia for the first time. We just thought we could do as well as anyone in trying to find a better fate for Christian, and it was an adventure into the unknown! A possible option was the private zoo set up by wealthy John Aspinall on an estate out of London. Interestingly, his son has tried to return some of the animals his father collected to their natural habitats where possible. We also checked out the lions at Longleat Safari Park, one of the first “game parks” established in 1966.
Other people think an appeal of the story is of a less regulated time when young people could have foolish adventures, and childhoods and lives were much more geared to being outside and experiencing and enjoying the natural world.
Of course the context for the film would be “Swinging London”. We certainly had a good time. I had Australian friends that did make much more valuable creative and cultural contributions however. It was the tail end of the 1960s and the end of the Carnaby Street and King’s Road heyday. The dominance of the Beatles and the Rolling Stones was diminishing, and was heading towards David Bowie, punk rock and Vivienne Westwood, who would in a few years open her shop Sex near us down the end of the King’s Road, Chelsea. It was an exciting time of transition with the most amazing confluence of events in 1969 alone.
We were lucky to have the excellent photographer Derek Cattani as a friend who documented much of Christian’s English life. His photographs have contributed to keeping the story alive. While it looks like we took Christian with us everywhere in London – we didn’t. Most photographs were taken during a few separate days of shooting (in a borrowed Mercedes Benz) to locations like Trafalgar Square and Kensington Gardens. Christian actually had a very regimented life with daily exercise in a historic walled garden (a graveyard!) down the road.
Christian was a great responsibility. There was Christian’s wellbeing, then the safety of all of us around him. He had a beautiful, friendly nature but we had to anticipate and eliminate any sources of frustration. John and I had been friends in Sydney and brought complementary strengths to our co-ownership of Christian. We managed this very well but we actually led, and went on to live, very separate lives. Because of our different personalities we had very individual relationships with Christian which some of you have commented on over the years.
Bill Travers had contacted George Adamson in Kenya who was keen to “rehabilitate” a lion who was several generations removed from his African origins. This was a wonderful solution, to be funded by a documentary, that we had not even imagined. As Christian rapidly got too big for his life in London a compound was built for him in the country near Dorking where the Travers lived.
We waited rather impatiently there for several months while Kenyan politicians made up their mind whether Christian should be allowed to come, and where George could be allotted some land not wanted by anyone else or too close to villagers. While it was wonderful to be with Christian, and we did accustom him to the crate he was to travel in, it actually was a time of frustration and tensions between all of us. John and I took turns to go to London. Friends from London visited, including Christian’s special friend, the actress Unity Bevis who had been in Fellini’s film Juliet of the Spirits and improbably had lived with a lioness in her apartment in Rome.
All of this and the INSIDE STORY of the whole adventure was communicated in my letters to my parents in Australia. In the first COVID lock down I revisited and edited these letters which had been kept by my mother.
Finally in Africa, as Australians we were better at handling the climate, driving on the roads and in due course handling the lions! Christian – and the English film crew, were exhausted by the heat!
The land allotted to us in NE Kenya was quite arid and unattractive. Christian quickly adapted, and at Kora George assembled a pride of orphaned lions around Christian. The highlight of the documentary was Christian meeting Boy, the older male that George had known since filming Born Free and had brought in to be the alpha head of the pride. Would he accept Christian who was now nearly old enough to be considered a rival?
George wrote that Christian, “the cheerful, mischievious, and courageous young lion from London” grew very big and strong and was rehabilitated very easily. Christian knew to submit to Boy who tortured him for months before they become very close. The local male lions in the area never let these introduced males establish themselves in their territory however, although they mated with the females.
We flew out to Kenya one year later and received an amazing welcome by Christian. This footage was discovered and put on YouTube in 2008 by an American arts student, and once Whitney Houston’s I Will Always Love You was added, grew into an unstoppable internet sensation of over 100 million hits, bringing Christian’s story back. It was one of the first viral sensations – part of the attraction apparently was wondering if we were going to be attacked as Christian ran towards us! See here.
John and I revised our book…and went on a media tour which included the Oprah Winfrey show. It was a chance to talk about: the problems facing wild animals; the preponderance of private zoos and dubious breeding practices; shrinking natural habitats through human population growth, urban expansion and the need for arable lands; and of course climate change.
George Adamson had no desire to ever leave Kora. He was assisted by the personable and most able Tony Fitzjohn to live on in Kora for many years, and over 30 lions were rehabilitated. There were dramas of course – Boy fatally attacked George’s African assistant and was shot, lions were taking the cattle of villagers, drifters were coming into the area from the north and finally George was murdered in a hail of bullets.
Looking back, many legacies flowed from these events. The area at Kora was designated a National Park. Tony Fitzjohn went on to found the George Adamson Wildlife Preservation Trust which amongst other achievements, helped revive endangered populations of black rhinos and African wild dogs. John remained in London, married, and continued his connection to Africa and GAWPT. I am hoping GAWPT continues despite the deaths of Tony Fitzjohn and John last year. Both are greatly missed.
I returned to Australia and became a curator of Aboriginal and colonial art primarily. My concern for First Nations people probably stemmed from my time in Africa when I realized I knew nothing about our own Indigenous people, or my own colonial family history and the effects of colonisation.
I involved myself in animal rights issues and protests and blogged about them. I began visiting India year after year, and I am on the Committee of Working for Animals which runs two animals shelters in India. They were established by the legendary Australian Christine Townend, who previously had founded Animal Liberation in Australia, and was co-founder of Animals Australia with Peter Singer.
“Canned hunting” became a phenomenon in the last decade with lions in Africa bred to be petted as cubs, then hunted and shot. COVID seemed to dampen this enthusiasm although the practice continues. John and I of course were major offenders with our petting of Christian! Canned hunting operators claim they are supporters of conservation, and that Christian’s story demonstrates how diminishing wild populations of lions can simply be replaced by ones bred in captivity. However, this is not the “rewilding” of flora and fauna, which is a positive more recent development.
Another positive change has been the attitudes of the Masai and Samburu tribes. While once it was a rite of passage to kill a lion, they now realise it is more important to preserve lion numbers and work to protect their livestock. Also, local villagers have accepted changes to live alongside wild animals. Tourism and the animals are a major earner for these economies, and also provides jobs for locals in the service of tourists or as park rangers etc.
Changing weather and drought has led to the growth of huge refugee numbers in Africa since our time, and expanding human populations compete with animals for habitats, and arable land (and water) for food production.
I have left the best or most important element of a film until last. All of this story was on the shoulders of one brave, loving, handsome, charismatic young lion that instinctively trusted us, and Christian somehow magically swept us all along on his incredible life story and destiny.
Is the chief appeal that Christian escaped a life of captivity, and against all odds, was set free?
Or do we identify with the story because of our own relationships with our companion animals, and the interspecies unconditional love and trust? With COVID lock downs, people became even more attached to their cats and dogs, and there is a plethora of television programs on their behavior and animal shelters and adoptions.
I think there is a film there! What do you think?
Do leave a comment if you wish, expressing why the story of Christian appeals to YOU.
Today is Christian’s birthday and we give thanks. HAPPY BIRTHDAY CHRISTIAN!
HAPPY BIRTHDAY CHRISTIAN!
I look forward to my annual blog and marshalling my thoughts about what to write and what to say about Christian. I am so blessed to have had him in my life, and it doesn’t feel like over 50 years ago!
I hope you have managed the last difficult year and COVID-19 is very much still with us. Some people have returned to a more “normal” life – with many travelling internationally again, and attending quite public events. My cat (now 17 years old) and I have moved back from the beautiful outskirts of the city at Port Hacking and the Royal National Park to the inner city of Sydney and I am adoring it. I am however very wary of COVID and do not attend public events and always wear a mask. Unfortunately we are having a winter acceleration of infections.
I think our companion animals have entertained and comforted many of us, and there have been increased adoptions from animal shelters which is a positive.
Apart from COVID, the Russian invasion of Ukraine has cast an ominous shadow over the world. One worries not just about the displacement of the population, the deaths, the trauma especially for children, but all the animals affected or even abandoned. Nine lions were rescued from a zoo in Ukraine by Warriors of Wildlife with support from Animals Australia, and an Australian group has gone to Ukraine to feed and look after as many abandoned domestic animals as possible. Extreme weather events are being experienced all over the world with loss of life, and in Australia fires and floods have displaced and killed many millions of animals.
JOHN RENDALL: Sadly, several key participants in Christian’s life died this year. John Rendall who I “bought” and shared “custodianship” of Christian in London in 1969 died of Long Covid in January. John Rendall was uniquely social and sociable. We would not have had our adventure with Christian without the other one’s encouragement and I will be forever grateful. We brought complementary strengths to the experience. John lived life to the full, as they say, and had a successful career in London in the field of publicity and public relations. His death received quite a lot of press attention. I think Christian changed his life and, in my opinion, engendered John’s most valuable life’s work which was remaining involved with Africa and animal conservation. He was instrumental in the foundation, support and funding of the George Adamson Wildlife Preservation Trust.
TONY FITZJOHN: Tony was as charismatic as John but in a Boys’ Own Adventure way. He was George Adamson’s invaluable assistant at Kora for 18 years. He recently died of cancer. I think working with George Adamson also gave his life a sense of purpose and direction. He enabled George to remain at Kora for years longer than he may have, and on George’s death, then very successfully ran the George Adamson Wildlife Preservation Trust founded in 1979. In Tanzania he rehabilitated the Mkomazi National game reserve which was upgraded to a National Park in 2006. It now has migrating elephants, less endangered African wild dogs, black rhinos and the engagement of the local villagers. Tony’s latest plan was to “rehabilitate” George’s camp at Kora and I imagine that this may not now proceed.
Christian adored both Tony, John and George, and I know he loved me too. He expressed this to us in different and individual ways. I think Christian was Tony’s introduction to lions. Needless to say, we were all completely under Christian’s spell.
ADRIAN HOUSE: This year we also lost Adrian House who was our wonderful editor of A Lion Called Christian at Collins in 1969/1970. Adrian was involved in the film company that produced the two original documentaries on Christian. He wrote an excellent book about the larger than life Adamsons and their volatile relationship. He handled us all with good humour and diplomacy.
I recently exchanged emails with Virginia McKenna who is still living in Dorking where we built an enclosure for Christian after leaving London and before we left for Kenya. We shared memories of Christian and his influence. She and Bill Travers had their lives changed by being cast in the classic film Born Free, and then “the death of Pole Pole at London Zoo was the catalyst”. Pole Pole was a two year old elephant that starred with them in An Elephant Called Slowly in 1969. After filming in Kenya she was gifted to London Zoo which Bill and Virginia found very distressing, especially when Pole Pole had to be euthanased in 1983. This led to them founding the Born Free Foundation. She thinks young people have a “surging interest” in protecting our wildlife and is optimistic about the future.
So I have been reflecting on how Christian influenced all of us. I know I briefly flirted with the idea of working with the World Wildlife Fund who were very influential at the time, and I was – quite sensibly – brushed off! I returned to Australia and I think it was my exposure to African people that made me realise I knew nothing about our own indigenous people. My career has primarily been as an art curator in Aboriginal art. They are the world’s oldest people – at least 60,000 years, and I have watched as their extraordinary art has received deserved international recognition.
WORKING FOR ANIMALS: However, because of Christian, a mutual friend introduced me to Christine Townend who had started Animal Liberation in Australia in 1976 and then Animals Australia with Peter Singer. We share a love of animals and India, but I am in awe of her achievements. Both organisations are still very influential today. I am on the Committee of Working For Animals and we run two animal shelters in Darjeeling and Kalimpong in India, founded by Christine and her husband Jeremy. Because of COVID, we are very overdue for a visit.
So this involvement is part of Christian’s legacy, and from the emails and communications I have had with many of you over the years, Christian and the animals in our lives have influenced us profoundly.
CHRISTIAN’S ERITREAN HERITAGE: Mehadi Sayed in Canada keeps me very well informed. He sent me this information about Christian’s heritage. In 1942 Christian’s grandfather was sent to the Jerusalem Biblical Zoo from Eritrea, where lions are now nearly extinct. He was renamed Yehuda, and his friendly nature was remarked on. Yehuda’s cubs were sent to other zoos, and Mary, Christian’s mother, was sent to Ilfracombe Zoo in Devon. Christian’s father Butch, came from the Rotterdam Zoo. They were the most handsome couple but their lives was miserable and somehow Christian escaped their fate.
AUSTRALIA: Like most countries our handling of COVID-19 has been by trial and error. In my opinion the best thing we have experienced in Australia is a recent change of government! After 9 years of conservatives in power it is hard for me to point to any achievements. We are in an energy crisis as a result of their climate-science denialism, there was no vision or overdue reforms and they left us a trillion dollars in debt – so much for them claiming to be the best managers of the economy! They campaigned rather than governed.
A recent 5 year State of the Environment report was, typically, kept from the public by the previous Federal Government, and after years of their neglect (and from the state governments) we have suffered a “catastrophic loss of wildlife and habitat”, “whole ecosystems are collapsing” and there has been a completely unsustainable and scandalous rate of habitat land clearing. 33 species have been made extinct since 1788, and another 120 species are threatened. Even our iconic koalas are in danger.
Apart from COVID, monkey pox is lurking, the varroa mite is spreading through our bees, and foot and mouth disease is on our borders in Indonesia.
FERAL CATS: I am a cat person as most of you would gather, although I love dogs as well and grew up with them. Now back in the city I hardly see any cats, who like many dogs, live in the surrounding apartments. I would not want to have a dog in an apartment. However, I love seeing the joy on the faces of the mostly small dogs when they are out for their walks – many of them heading to the nearby wonderful Rushcutters Bay Park beside Sydney Harbour. I adore seeing them all play together in such a friendly fashion.
I have always felt guilty however, about the destruction to wildlife by introduced feral cats and foxes.
Numbers of feral cats in Australia fluctuate wildly between estimates of 2 million to 5 million. There are supposedly 4.9 million domestic cats. Another guestimate is that 2 billion native animals are killed each year by cats and foxes. To attempt to curtail this there has been cruel baiting, trapping and shooting of these animals. There needs to be more of a campaign to encourage domestic cats to be kept inside. My cat was in shock for a week when we moved and didn’t eat, but has now adjusted to apartment living. There are successful feral-free fenced off sanctuaries and off shore islands. A recent article in Australian Geographic said other efforts have included: controlled exposure of native animals to a limited numbers of cats, in the hope they will change their behavior to effective learned avoidance, which would hopefully lead to genetic generational change; that some Aborigines living in remote, mostly desert, areas are very skillful at tracking, catching and eating the cats; through genetic engineering create only male offspring and that these genetically modified cats would lead to a collapse in populations.
This image, by artist William Blake is based on a sketch by my ancestor Philip Gidley King, who later became the third Governor of NSW in 1801.
THE FIRST, FIRST FAMILIES: Later this month I am exhibiting my collection of colonial artworks which are primarily etchings from the first publications of journals after the First Fleet arrived to form a settlement in NSW in 1788. This of course is regarded as an invasion by Aboriginal people. I have collected images that relate to my colonial family, and early representations of Aborigines, especially any that my family came into contact with. My work in this field has been described by a reviewer as “exorcising my colonial family ancestry”! In Australia we are presently debating the Uluru Statement from the Heart by Aboriginal people calling for a constitutionally enshrined “Voice” to parliament, truth telling and an overdue treaty. I will be supporting this in any way I can. The exhibition now previews on www.crossart.com.au/next and after opening on the 27th August will be online on www.crossart.com.au
HAPPY BIRTHDAY CHRISTIAN and I wish all of you the best for next year and stay safe.
CHRISTIAN THE LION, SCARFACE, IPCC, MY LONDON LETTERS 1969 – 1973, COVID, AUSTRALIA, GREAT BARRIER REEF, POLITICS, WORKING FOR ANIMALS ETC
August 12, 2021
HAPPY BIRTHDAY CHRISTIAN!
I look forward to Christian’s annual birthday blog. I love it when many of you add your birthday wishes to him as the world wakes up country by country on August 12th. It does seem ironic that New Zealand and Australia are ahead of the rest of the world! Pandemic permitting, I am about to move back to the inner city of Sydney from the outskirts after many years, and trust I will be online to post your birthday wishes as they come in.
I appreciate that that quite a few of you Christian fans and cat lovers keep in touch over the years, like Hélène in Canada and William in Florida. William recently emailed that he is supporting the Herd Elephant Orphanage in South Africa, where he follows their activities on video updates. With the lack of tourists, and the pandemic in Africa, people are choosing to support – and follow – animal organisations in this way.
Barbara also emailed quite recently that Christian “was certainly a handsome boy with a very charming personality”. He was innately even-natured and personable – but I think we gave him the room to develop his personality as many of you no doubt do with your “companion animals”. Of course love and trust were also big factors.
Mehadi emailed me the photograph at the top of the blog (sourced from my 2014 blog!), and the image above out of a magazine article. I think it is the earliest photograph of Christian (left) and his sister I have seen. Mehadi, now living in Canada, grew up in India near the Asiatic lions in Gir which I have also been fortunate to visit. He points out how the Asiatic lions were nearly extinct until Sir Muhammad Mahabat Khan 111 initiated what may be the first lion conservation effort and today there are more than 400 lions.
Mehadi also mentioned the death of Scarface in Kenya in June. The famous Masai Mara lion lived until about 14 which is a long life in the wild. He was identifiable by the scar above his right eye, and had a long reign as the head of several prides. Mehadi hopes that Christian, who “revived” his interest in lions, also lived a long happy life and said “thank you Christian! We dearly remember you. Your charisma continues to enthrall people like us and many more to do meaningful work for conservation”.
I think with our various lockdowns we have fallen even more deeply in love with our animals. I know I have with my cat, and I hope she does not resent the move back into the city just as many people are moving out! The pandemic has probably affected all of us in various and sometimes unexpected ways, and I know many of us in Australia are still traumatized by the bush fires of 2020. My thoughts with people in Canada, America, Turkey and Greece facing equally terrifying fires, while there have been huge floods in Europe, India and China.
The latest IPCC climate change report confirms that greenhouse gas concentrations have increased, that urgent action is required, and that Australia is “lagging”.
BOOK: It is good news that there is to be a new edition of A Lion Called Christian in Chinese. Some of you ask if a film about Christian will ever be made, and unfortunately it seems unlikely. After contacting me, a UK producer on my advice then wrote to SONY asking “is there any way we could progress a TV drama based on the story of Christian?” SONY, who own the rights (seemingly forever) replied “Thank you for your note but we are not interested in releasing rights.”
LONDON LETTERS: In early COVID I assiduously read and edited all the letters I wrote to my parents in Australia from London between 1969 and 1973 and commented on them from the perspective of 50 years later. One day I may publish them. My 21 year old self had grown up under decades of conservative government and even a White Australia policy. The letters illustrate a rite of passage and the attempts to find a career, experiences many of you could relate to. Naïve as I was, in the letters I do have an opinion on everything, and come across as very intolerant and very judgmental. Some key people in the animal world do not come out of it well, but neither do I. Unlike some of the humans, Christian’s behaviour in contrast just shone in every aspect – like pure gold!
The letters describe in detail how I REALLY felt about the experience with Christian, and explain why I returned to Australia and how it had changed dramatically, especially with new Prime Minister Gough Whitlam. I had finally became politicised, and found the career that I was searching for. It was, as they say, “under my nose”. Many of my friends were artists, and visiting galleries was a favourite pastime. Why not make a career out of what I love doing? I became a gallerist and curator. I think witnessing the flowering of contemporary Aboriginal art and its international acceptance has been the highlight of my life.
I am now writing up key incidents in my family colonial history in Australia, concentrating on our relations and encounters with indigenous people. Most colonisers and invaders dispossess the indigenous people, and are still failing to acknowledge or compensate. Our Aboriginal people are the oldest living race on earth, and have had to be particularly resilient to survive.
We marvel at their achievements particularly in the arts – their wonderful art works, films, stars like David Gulpilil, or the dancers and productions of Bangarra. But while there is a well-educated younger generation coming through that hopefully will force change, most still live in poverty, with shocking suicide and incarceration rates, and are subjected to ongoing racism and marginalisation.
This book by fellow Sydney-sider Victoria Mackinlay is about her grandfather who was asked as a school boy in England in the 1930s what present he would like from India. He replied “something alive”. It was thought an elephant was impractical but an obliging Maharaja sent a young Asiatic lion called Singh. They spent an idyllic summer together in a rather grand sounding country home, but of course Singh grew quickly and ended up in London Zoo.
I feel very lucky that this was not Christian’s fate.
AUSTRALIA: Our conservative government never fails to disappoint. They have still failed to respond after four years to the Uluru Statement from the Heart from our Aboriginal population. This was a most generous, thoughtful and unthreatening way forward, beginning with a “Voice” to Parliament, to advise, not overrule, on Aboriginal issues. After 8 years of conservative government there is still not a viable energy or climate change policy, and they remain hostage to the fossil fuel industries and Rupert Murdoch. There have been no necessary and overdue reforms, no transparency or accountability, and we are trillions in debt.
Australia was lucky initially with the pandemic as we closed the borders, and they remain closed, heartlessly leaving 35,000 Australians still stranded overseas and unable to return. A scandalously slow vaccine rollout leaves most of the population threatened at present by a new outbreak of the very transmissible Delta variant. Unfortunately the Government Opposition is ineffective.
On a more positive note our state governments do seem to be a little more aware of climate change and environmental problems. There were heavy losses of wildlife in the bushfires of 2020 which left us all scarred. Our koalas are in danger of extinction and we do have to act urgently to protect their shrinking habitats from urban development and land clearing. Hump back whale populations have increased – and are presently migrating up our east coast. The Federal Government was very offended that UNESCO recently threatened to list the Great Barrier Reef as “in danger” and urged Australia to take “accelerated action at all possible levels” on climate change.
There remains a failure of leadership around the world and the pandemic has illustrated this. At least Trump lost the election but he has not gone away. He has left an appalling legacy of creating doubt over news reporting and scientific facts as well as unleashing conspiracy theories. Modi in India, like Bolsonaro in Brazil, scandalously allowed the virus to spread.
WORKING FOR ANIMALS: This photograph was taken by WFA President Jeannette Lloyd Jones when Jeffrey Masson, distinguished writer about animal behavior, came to one of our very informal WFA meetings. Jeffrey and his wife now live in Sydney.
Our staff at the two Working for Animals shelters in Darjeeling and Kalimpong in India have bravely soldiered on during the Covid crisis, which has been especially devastating in India. We can now follow their work by excellent photographs on Instagram (@kas_das_animal shelter_kas_das), Facebook (Kalimpong and Darjeeling Animal Shelter), our website www.workingforanimals.org.au and our newsletters.
I sincerely hope you have all managed this difficult year without too much distress, isolation and loss. I found the Olympics a welcome distraction. We all are facing great uncertainty and I fear some of you must have suffered greatly. I’m sure your companion animals have been indispensable.
Many people celebrated World Lion Day on the 10th August, but every day is World Lion Day to me!
HAPPY BIRTHDAY CHRISTIAN.
George Adamson and Christian (c. late 1972- early 1973)
HAPPY BIRTHDAY CHRISTIAN!
During the last world crisis, the Global Financial Crisis, Christian’s “reunion” footage with us in Kenya on YouTube was a soothing and positive diversion, and this helped to make it so popular. I have been getting emails recently with people saying they have been watching Christian’s story as a distraction, or to make them feel better in “lockdown”. It amazes me that Christian still casts this spell over so many of us.
See here should you want to watch the version of our reunion with Christian with Whitney Houston’s song, as it gets harder to find on YouTube, and needless to say, it is my favourite version.
Many of you no doubt celebrated World Lion Day on August 10th, and International Tiger Day on the 29th July.
LIONS: We all remain concerned with the crisis in lion and wildlife populations. I am presuming “canned hunting” is not thriving with the widespread COVID-19 virus in South Africa, but at a time like this the owners of the numerous “lion farms” that have profited from this dreadful practice may start to maltreat the animals including not feeding them properly or looking after them. Even worse, the current situation may encourage the participation in the illegal trade in lion body parts. The human population in South Africa, with widespread unemployment, is also faring very badly.
Image source: Allen & Unwin
While I have as yet only read an extract, there is a new book The Last Lions in Africa: Stories from the frontline in the battle to save a species by Anthony Ham. He is, to my surprise, an Australian.
The author states that as of 2019, there are approximately 22,509 lions left on the African continent. At the end of the C19 there were 200,000. They have disappeared from 95% of their historical ranges, and from 26 countries. By now we know most of the reasons, primarily, destruction of habitats, hunting and human and animal conflict. The author also notes that there are approximately only 4,000 tigers left in the wild, and 1,000 mountain gorillas.
Depressingly, in my blog after blog over the years, we have been watching these figures diminish despite many organisations and individuals doing good work. Rather like action, (or inaction) on climate change, nothing seems to be reversing the “extinction vortex” we are witnessing.
These giraffes from the Mogo Wildlife Park, NSW, nearly died in the bushfires and have now welcomed a new born calf
BUSHFIRES: In Australia we had a horrific fire season with 10 million hectares of the east coast burnt, which was news around the world. We were all in shock at the scope, the intensity, and that the fires were described as “unstoppable”. I live surrounded by a National Park which was very dry, but we were lucky this time. The smoke and air quality from the fires was a danger to health over vast areas. I put my art collection in storage, and like many others, had a suitcase and the cat box by the door for months on end.
Quite a few people lost their lives, including fire fighters, and many lost their houses and businesses. Many animals died – they estimated a billion at the time, but that has just been updated to 3 billion dead or displaced. This does not include the cattle and sheep lost. Despite the early start to the fire season and the incredible ferocity of the fires, despite all intelligent people and fire experts pointing to climate change as a factor, our conservative government said “now was not the time” to talk about such things. Now we are heading towards the next season as ill prepared as we were last year. We continue not just to ignore the experts but also indigenous fire practices honed over centuries.
As many as 5,000 koalas lost their lives during the fires, and their habitats destroyed. There is even talk of extinction. Our NSW Government has stated it wants to double koala populations by 2050, but this government has not stopped land clearing and habitat destruction, which like creeping urbanization, are the major threat to koalas, along with bush fires, disease, dogs and feral animals. The government fully supports mining, even allowing mining that threatens Sydney’s water supply.
Australia has the worst record in the world in relation to the extinction of mammals – 30 species lost since colonization (1788), and 14 in the past 50 years.
COVID-19: Who would have thought how much the world would have changed since Christian’s last birthday? We have all been overtaken by COVID-19 and I hope all of you and your families are managing. Everyone has been affected in some way. Australia had coped quite well up until recently, although due to some inexcusable quarantine carelessness, we now seem to be having a dangerous “second wave” in Victoria, and some outbreaks in my state of NSW. Luckily as an island continent we can close our borders, although our state borders are more porous. The lucrative international tourism industry and the international student sector, have been decimated.
Interestingly, the Federal Government has responded quite well and suddenly and unusually, listened to medical experts and scientists – unlike their ongoing climate change denial. The government is now getting very worried about the economy and is anxious to reopen everything and for it to be business as usual. They have been forced to embrace spending and borrowing billions of dollars after criticizing the Opposition for years, although it was the ALP who were then in government and successfully navigated us out of the Global Financial Crisis. Our economy and jobs growth have not been strong for years, and as yet there are no proposals or ideas for job creation or economic stimulation. The Treasurer even referenced Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan as his models for economic recovery which is rather indicative of the government’s outdated ideological mindset.
The arts and entertainment industry here has also been decimated and given very little support, and none of it as yet has been forthcoming. Galleries and museums are tentatively reopening. Under the cover of “Covid”, funding to our national broadcaster the ABC, universities (especially “the Humanities”), the public sector and the arts, all imagined enemies of this government, will be minimized.
People around the world have appreciated surprisingly clear skies and clean water. Now would be an ideal time to have a new low carbon and green approach to the economy, and transition to renewables. In Australia we still don’t have an energy policy that business can invest in, and the government remains fixated on coal and gas. Now is also the chance to review: overdue taxation reform; much needed public housing policy; aged care; wage growth and the casualization of labour; and to consider free universal childcare, and the vital role of women (and migrants) in the health and service industries.
I’m glad I don’t live in Sweden where my age group seems to have just been sacrificed for the greater good, although their economy, and the number of deaths, does not indicate that this approach has been successful. I have been very worried about friends in the UK, the USA and Brazil. Trump and Bolsonaro have both been criminally negligent. I am also very worried about friends in India, and especially Rajat, a very intelligent and dedicated young fan of Christian’s who is battling a serious disease I’m sure he will overcome, and my thoughts are with him and his family.
Over the last year, the leaders of America, Russia and China have shown their true colours, and there has been a dangerous unravelling of the old world order. Cyber surveillance and warfare is the norm and it is difficult to ascertain the truth with the claims of “fake news” and the widespread conspiracy theories. In the USA I have no confidence in Biden, but removing Trump would do the world a service. My prayers for the future of the Uyghurs and Hong Kong, and for the citizens of Beirut.
Congratulations to the few countries like New Zealand, Taiwan and Vietnam that acted quickly and effectively against the virus. In Vietnam they have banned the trading in wild animals and their body parts which is good, although some are allowed for “medicinal purposes”. Wild life products do seem to be incubators of disease.
So take care, wear a mask, wash your hands and social distance.
The ice keeps melting…. Photograph by Michael Ginzburg for PBS.org
We listen to scientists and medical experts with the epidemic – why don’t we listen to climate change scientists and their predictions?
SELF-ISOLATION: How have you all managed in self-isolation? People initially seem to have found it frustrating but also quite interesting. Most have enjoyed more time with the family, although “home schooling” has been a challenge for many. With so many working from home, and Zoom, this may change work habits and paradigms. Musicians have made music in their bedrooms, and artists and galleries have been imaginative about art online. Cooking, eating, gardening and DIY home renovations seem to have been popular.
Many people binge watched Tiger King: Murder, Mayhem and Madness on Netflix but I resisted, although I did later see a documentary on these unsavoury people, messing with such beautiful animals. There are more big cats in private hands in the USA than are left in the wild. There is no conservation value as their breeding practices are indiscriminate. What is going to happen to the animals if these zoos are closed down, and the owners in jail?
Many of us have been supported at this time by our companion animals, who have had to adjust to us being home much more! Initially there were many more adoptions from animal shelters which was encouraging and understandable. I do wish even more people would adopt these animals, at risk of euthanasia, rather than buying expensive hybrid dogs like Cavoodles, Groodles and Moodles. I have noticed that Dachshunds have become very popular. My cat has been a great source of comfort even if she has manoeuvred/manipulated me into now being fed on demand, and I now realise she can sleep 23 hours a day.
I have got some overdue writing projects actually finished or well advanced, and have read some very good books. I have found classical music very soothing. Luckily Bundeena where I live is very beautiful and this winter quite mild so I walk every day. I have always felt in quarantine here!
“Misunderstanding” by Tony Albert. Courtesy Sullivan +Strumpf.
BLM: Aboriginal people in Australia have been protesting in support of the Black Lives Matter movement in the USA and across the world, and of course they have much to relate to. As in America, there has been a growing section of the white population that also agree that enough is enough. Aborigines have a shocking incarceration rate, and there have been many Aboriginal deaths in custody, with no-one EVER bought to account.
White people have increasingly had to face our privilege in the last few years, and acknowledge the results of dispossession of indigenous people by colonisation. We also have to realise the amount of “casual” racism that exists, let alone the overt racism people of colour deal with on a daily basis. Enough IS enough!
Recently, the mining company Rio Tinto blew up two caves in the Juukan Gorge in Western Australia that were sacred to Aboriginal people. Artefacts dated to 46,000 years had been found there, so the caves were one of Australia’s most significant archaeological sites. The company said it was a “misunderstanding” – hence why one of our best Aboriginal artists Tony Albert called his artwork “Misunderstanding”. Google him to see more of his wonderful work. The nation was very shocked – briefly.
WORKING FOR ANIMALS: Our thoughts are with our WFA staff in India where the virus is particularly severe. The best news however is that the new cattery at the Kalimpong Animal Shelter (KAS) is now being built and finally cats will have the necessary space that they require. We are particularly grateful to Laura Louie and Harry Bohm who very generously donated money to purchase the additional land and build the cattery. I am very much hoping I can visit when travel is permitted again.
Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson’s new book
BOOK: Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson has a new book Lost Companions, Reflections on the Death of Pets. This is possibly his 13th book, and dogs have been his speciality. Many of us have had the trauma of dealing with the death of loved pets, and Jeffrey recounts various stories about our special bonds with animals and the different ways people deal with their grief. I always regret that it is not possible to express our last words, explanations, or our thanks to them for all they have meant to us.
Jeffrey mentions Christian, as an example of interspecies relationships. Of course we don’t know what happened to Christian which I am quite relieved about. That is one death and trauma we didn’t have to face. About our reunion with Christian, Jeffrey, who is a friend of mine, says about me “I understand why this single encounter has stamped his life forever”. I think it has but I’m not sure how! While I was not surprised Christian remembered us, I may have been surprised at just how exuberant he was. Jeffrey noted what I also found extraordinary, that Christian’s “pride” who were not familiar with humans, milled around us, caught up in and sharing Christian’s excitement. He was loved by lions and humans alike.
MOROCCO: I was very fortunate to have a great trip to Morocco, Paris and London late last year, as international travel for us all is unlikely for the foreseeable future. There were cats and kittens everywhere in Morocco – no doubt too many, but I was pleased to see they were treated well.
In Fez I visited the American Fondouk, which was established in 1927 by an American woman to offer free veterinary care for “four legged” animals – mules, horses and donkeys. If these animals get injured, the families often have no other source of income. American Fondouk (hotel) is very well resourced with the latest equipment – for weighing and moving heavy animals, an operating theatre, and a test laboratory etc etc. The staff and volunteers were very welcoming to me – as they are to anyone who would like to visit and see their work. The founder’s family continue to support the Fondouk, but extra donations are always appreciated.
Speaking to the two young vets who showed me around, I said I had been lucky enough when I was younger to meet and know Joy and George Adamson. To my surprise, they had never heard of Elsa the lioness, the Adamsons, or Born Free. They said “we only know about those two young Australians who took their lion from London back to Africa”. They seemed to believe that I was one of them!
I was very shocked that generations now may not know Elsa’s extraordinary story, and the film and book Born Free that affected millions of people all over the world in the 1960s. Although I didn’t read the book at the time, I was very aware of the story. We were fascinated by Elsa’s affectionate relationship with the Adamsons and her successful rehabilitation back into the wild. It was almost unimaginable. Like David Attenborough who had begun making his documentaries, the spotlight was put on wildlife, and the affirmation that, like us, all animals, including “wild” animals, were sentient beings. I finally read Born Free a few years ago, and Elsa, like Christian, was an exceptionally intelligent animal. The Adamsons could take her on holidays, and she would just jump into the back of their vehicle. Joy Adamson was a very creative woman, and the photographs in the book were wonderful. I have seen the film more recently at fund raising events, and it remains amazingly fresh, and a feast for lovers of lions.
I can’t really completely explain or understand why Christian’s story still has such resonance so many years later. He was very charismatic, attractive, and full of personality. His life was very well documented, and years later, he has had the benefit of the social media age and YouTube. He demonstrated an obvious capacity for love. He too was successfully rehabilitated, and we can presume a happy ending. For some people our story also represents a more adventurous and less regulated era …… what do you think?
I would love you to Leave a Comment on your thoughts on what Christian and his story (or Elsa and Born Free) has meant to you!
HAPPY BIRTHDAY CHRISTIAN we are all still thinking of you, especially today.
Christian photographed by Ace Bourke 1972
HAPPY 50th BIRTHDAY CHRISTIAN
August 12, 2019
Ace Bourke with Christian, 1972
BIRTHDAY: It is now 50 years since Christian was born in a zoo in Ilfracombe, Devon in the UK on 12 August 1969!!!!
I appreciate so many of you still being interested in Christian’s story, and there seems to be renewed interest in him again at the moment.
I have never been able to accurately articulate or understand exactly why Christian’s story has had such an appeal…for so long. Oprah Winfrey asked me this when we appeared on her program, and I went on and on! There are quite a few factors. He was gorgeous, lovable, charismatic and photogenic. He loved us and demonstrated that a human-animal relationship like this was possible. He had a friendly and outgoing nature, unlike his sister who was with him in Harrods Department Store in London where we first saw him. He drove his own destiny – he charmed his way to the department store and charmed us, and then later Bill Travers, Virginia McKenna and George Adamson of Born Free fame. He was “rescued” from captivity and, miraculously, taken to Kenya where he was set free and lived a natural life, for a few years at the very least. He was “rehabilitated” by the wonderful George Adamson who created a pride around him. His story reminds us of a time when life was a little more natural and unregulated, and adventures like this were possible. Not that I am recommending anyone do it now! We were extremely fortunate.
His continuing popularity is also due to the fact that his life was so well documented: in two initial documentaries; a later one, plus featuring in various others; several books; and Derek Cattani’s photographs. The available footage led to our reunion with him in Africa becoming an internet phenomenon. Watch it again here.
We have actually had very little criticism for our actions, although with the unpleasant practice of Canned Hunting in Africa – the petting, handling and patting of cubs in particular is definitely not to be encouraged. Some say the ease of Christian’s rehabilitation supports the argument – from the hunting lobby – that the catastrophic decline in numbers can be reversed, by “rewilding”, the way Christian was in Africa. But there are several major factors responsible for the decline, especially over-population and diminishing habitats.
NEW BOOK ON CHRISTIAN: If I had had the opportunity, I would have added some of the above comments, and some analytical and reflective depth to the recent book Christian the Lion: The Illustrated Legacy by John Rendall and Christian’s photographer, Derek Cattani. There are some previously unpublished photographs of Christian which gave me the most pleasure.
Having received so many often fascinating and moving emails over the years, I think your own experiences with animals, your endeavours on their behalf, and feelings about Christian, are also part of Christian’s “legacy”. Many of them are recorded in my earlier blogs and on our website alioncalledchristian.com.au, although I must apologise for not keeping it as up to date as I should.
WORKING FOR ANIMALS: Christine Townend, her husband Jeremy and hard-working vets and staff run 2 animal shelters in Darjeeling and Kalimpong in India. She has been my mentor in the fields of animal welfare, animal rights and conservation. I have often blogged about her – and I am on the Committee of Working For Animals. The shelters primarily cater for dogs and cats, and the programs she has initiated with dogs have eliminated rabies from the communities, although this is ongoing.
Christine is revered for her work in India, and this year she received an Order of Australia Medal for “service to animal welfare”. She of course modestly commented “I’m glad animals have been acknowledged”.
INDIA: I have been invited to speak at many conferences relating to animal rights and welfare, but I especially like going to India. I have met the most wonderful people from all over the world, often academic leaders in their fields. Christian has inspired many of them – some when they were young, so I feel they are also part of Christian’s legacy.
Tiger in Ranthambore National Park, 2016. Photograph by Ace Bourke.
TIGERS: India provided a highlight I will never forget: seeing tigers close up in the wild at Ranthambore, Rajasthan in 2016. Creating sanctuaries in national parks, making it a crime to kill them, and prosecuting poachers, has seen an increase in tiger numbers from 2226 in 2014, to 2967 in 2018. 80% of the world’s tigers live in India. I felt a little guilty becoming so enamoured of tigers, but I had, however, visited Indian lions in Gir, Gujarat previously, and blogged about them at the time.
We celebrated International Tiger Day on 29 July 2019, and World Lion Day on 10 August 2019.
HARRODS DOCUMENTARY: A few months ago friends alerted me to the fact that Christian was in the advertisements for the documentary Inside Harrods: The World’s Most Famous Department Store. Our story was given considerable time and I had no idea Christian was such an important part of the Harrods history. It is an uncomfortable feeling when you don’t have any say over the use of your shared story or image. Again, however, it was enjoyable to see good footage of Christian, and after watching, I decided that 50 years on, it is probably not a good idea to appear up against footage of oneself when one was young!
Disney’s The Lion King movie
MOVIE: The recently released The Lion King movie (Disney) is proving very successful – mixed reviews not-with-standing, taking $US185 million on the opening weekend in the USA. I have only seen the advertisements and the lions look beautiful. Sony own the rights to Christian’s story but seem to have no intention of ever making a film. Looking at the success of The Lion King, a film about Christian and the many aspects and lessons illustrated in his story, could also have been, and should have been, a part of his legacy.
AUSTRALIA: David Attenborough recently spoke before a British Parliamentary Committee on Climate Change – and singled out Australia and the USA for a lack of action. He said the deterioration of our Great Barrier Reef was a “vivid” example. Our conservative government was unexpectedly re-elected with virtually only one policy, “tax cuts”. We are still arguing if climate change is real and we have no energy policy and consequently unnecessarily high electricity costs. The contested Adani coal mine may still go ahead, and the International Monetary Fund recently estimated that global fossil fuel subsidies have grown to around $US5.2 trillion a year. According to Nature magazine recently, global temperatures rose faster in the final decades of the C20th than at any other time in the past 2000 years. Earlier temperature variations were influenced by volcanic activity, and human-caused climate change was now “overwhelming” natural variability.
ANIMALS: A recent UN Report states that a million species are at risk of extinction. These are rates that are unprecedented in human history and are caused by human expansion and the exploitation of habitats. Australia has the highest rate of mammal extinction in the world, and seemingly inadequate recovery plans. We have among the world’s worst deforestation record, and even one of our most iconic animals, the koala, is at risk.
New government legislation is more interested in prosecuting animal activists, than protecting animals or our environment.
I have tried to discuss and blog about these issues for years and despair at the lack of leadership or action. This is why I don’t really want to blog and comment these days, and I strongly object to the fact that scientists and experts are ignored, and creative, imaginative, innovative and progressive ideas are disparaged. The extremely dangerous President of the USA has succeeded with his lies in making it very hard to discern fact from fiction (over 10,000 false or misleading claims while in office so far), while Boris Johnson also has a reputation for lying.
BOOKS: I loved Boy Swallows Universe by Trent Dalton, a novel based on his tough childhood in the suburbs of Brisbane. I have now read everything by Helen Garner, one of Australia’s best writers. I was amused by Less by Andrew Sean Greer.
I am reading This Land Is Our Land: An Immigrants Manifesto by Suketu Mehta. This examines how colonial powers ruthlessly exploited the resources of various countries and their people, drew arbitrary boundaries, and particularly at the moment, have an undeserved “fear” of immigrants. When asked “Why are you here?” immigrants can justly respond, “We are here because you were there”.
I was very impressed with The Colonial Fantasy: Why White Australia Can’t Solve Black Problems by Sarah Maddison. It summarises our appalling mistreatment since 1778 of the Aboriginal population who have lived in Australia for at least 60,000 years. Again, “their dispossession underwrote the development of the nation” (a quote from the 1992 Mabo Judgement). Some of you kindly ask what I am working on, and this book has partly inspired me to write. The Aborigines have never been asked to advise on their own issues, and there is a current contested debate about Aborigines having an advisory Voice to Parliament. This was part of the Uluru Statement of the Heart by Aboriginal people in 2017 which offered an intelligent, reasonable and modest way forward towards “reconciliation”, although some argue reconciliation is for white people to feel better about themselves. The Statement was summarily dismissed by the government.
As many of you know I have been privileged to be a curator of Aboriginal art and have known or worked with some of the very best artists. I am also descended from several colonial Governors who impacted on Indigenous lives. I’m trying to write about my relationship with all of this, to clarify my feelings and thoughts for myself, and my efforts may be worth publishing one day.
PERSONAL: On a lighter note, my cat is wonderful although I still miss her brother who we lost several years ago, and I am looking forward to my first trip to Morocco. I hope you are having happy and fulfilling lives with your families, friends and animals, and let’s wish for some unexpected new leadership which will make our lives and the world a better and more sustainable place for the future.
HAPPY BIRTHDAY CHRISTIAN!
Ace Bourke's Blog 